5031088 JOHNSON HOLDER, Clutch

Illustration 1 g06389747
Air inlet and exhaust system
(1) Aftercooler core
(2) Air filter
(3) Clean Emissions Module (CEM)
(4) Back pressure valve
(5) Turbocharger
(6) Wastegate actuator
(7) Exhaust cooler (NRS)
(8) Exhaust gas valve (NRS)
(9) Wastegate regulatorThe components of the air inlet and exhaust system control the quality of air and the amount of air that is available for combustion. The air inlet and exhaust system consists of the following components:
Air cleaner
Exhaust cooler (NRS)
Exhaust gas valve (NRS)
Turbocharger
Aftercooler
Inlet manifold
Cylinder head, injectors, and glow plugs
Valves and valve system components
Piston and cylinder
Exhaust manifold
Clean Emissions Module (CEM)Air is drawn in through the air cleaner into the air inlet of the turbocharger by the turbocharger compressor wheel. The air is compressed to a pressure of about 150 kPa (22 psi) and heated to about 120° C (248° F) before the air is forced to the aftercooler. As the air flows through the aftercooler the temperature of the compressed air lowers to about 55° C (131° F). Cooling of the inlet air assists the combustion efficiency of the engine. Increased combustion efficiency helps achieve the following benefits:
Lower fuel consumption
Increased horsepower output
Reduced NOx emission
Reduced particulate emissionFrom the aftercooler, the air flows to the exhaust gas valve (NRS). A mixture of air and exhaust gas is then forced into the inlet manifold. Air flow from the inlet manifold to the cylinders is controlled by inlet valves. There are two inlet valves and two exhaust valves for each cylinder. The inlet valves open when the piston moves down on the intake stroke. When the inlet valves open, cooled compressed air from the inlet port is forced into the cylinder. The complete cycle consists of four strokes:
Inlet
Compression
Power
ExhaustOn the compression stroke, the piston moves back up the cylinder and the inlet valves close. The cool compressed air is compressed further. This additional compression generates more heat.Note: If the cold starting system is operating, the glow plugs will also heat the air in the cylinder.Just before the piston reaches the top center (TC) position, the ECM operates the electronic unit injector. Fuel is injected into the cylinder. The air/fuel mixture ignites. The ignition of the gases initiates the power stroke. Both the inlet and the exhaust valves are closed and the expanding gases force the piston downward toward the bottom center (BC) position.From the BC position, the piston moves upward. The upwards movement of the position initiates the exhaust stroke. The exhaust valves open. The exhaust gases are forced through the open exhaust valves into the exhaust manifold.
Illustration 2 g03167578
Typical example
The NOx Reduction System (NRS) operates with the transfer of the hot exhaust gas from the exhaust manifold to the exhaust cooler (7). The hot exhaust gas is cooled in the exhaust cooler. The now cooled exhaust gas passes through the assembly of exhaust gas valve to an electronic controlled valve (8). The electronically controlled valve is electronically actuated.The reed valves that are located in the exhaust gas valve (NRS) have two main functions. The first function is to prevent the reverse flow of charge air from the inlet side of the engine to the exhaust side of the engine. The second function of the reed valve is to obtain exhaust gas when the peak exhaust pressure is above the average inlet pressure.As the electronically controlled valve (8) starts to open the flow of cooled exhaust gas from the exhaust cooler (7) mixes with the air flow from the charge air aftercooler. The mixing of the cooled exhaust gas and the air flow from the charge air aftercooler reduces the oxygen content of the gas mixture. This results in a lower combustion temperature, so decreases the production of NOx.As the demand for more cooled exhaust gas increases the electronically controlled valve opens further. The further opening of the valve increases the flow of cooled exhaust gas from the exhaust cooler. As the demand for cooled exhaust gas decreases, the electronically controlled valve closes. This decreases the flow of cooled exhaust gas from the exhaust cooler.The electronically controlled exhaust gas valve (8) for the NOx Reduction System (NRS) is controlled by the ECM. In some instances, the engine will need to use the electronically controlled exhaust gas valve for the NOx Reduction System (NRS) to generate the required flow of exhaust gas. The back pressure valve controls the NOx Reduction System (NRS).Exhaust gases from the exhaust manifold enter the inlet of the turbocharger to turn the turbocharger turbine wheel. The turbine wheel is connected to a shaft that rotates. The exhaust gases pass from the turbocharger through the following components: exhaust outlet, back pressure valve, Clean Emissions Module (CEM), and exhaust pipe.Turbocharger
Illustration 3 g00302786
Typical example of a cross section of a turbocharger
(1) Air intake
(2) Compressor housing
(3) Compressor wheel
(4) Bearing
(5) Oil inlet port
(6) Bearing
(7) Turbine housing
(8) Turbine wheel
(9) Exhaust outlet
(10) Oil outlet port
(11) Exhaust inletThe turbocharger is mounted on the outlet of the exhaust manifold. The exhaust gas from the exhaust manifold enters the exhaust inlet (11) and passes through the turbine housing (7) of the turbocharger. Energy from the exhaust gas causes the turbine wheel (8) to rotate. The turbine wheel is connected by a shaft to the compressor wheel (3).As the turbine wheel rotates, the compressor wheel is rotated. The rotation of the compressor wheel causes the intake air to be pressurized through the compressor housing (2) of the turbocharger.
Illustration 4 g02413836
Typical example
(12) Wastegate actuator
(13) Actuating lever
(14) Line (boost pressure)
Illustration 5 g02299034
Typical example
(15) Wastegate regulatorWhen the load on the engine increases, more fuel is injected into the cylinders. The combustion of this additional fuel produces more exhaust gases. The additional exhaust gases cause the turbine and the compressor wheels of the turbocharger to turn faster. As the compressor wheel turns faster, air is compressed to a higher pressure and more air is forced into the cylinders. The increased flow of air into the cylinders allows the fuel to be burnt with greater efficiency. This produces more power.A wastegate is installed on the turbine housing of