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Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can be made from vegetable oils, animal fat, and waste cooking oil. Soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and palm oil are some of the common vegetable oil sources. The raw oils or animal fats are chemically processed (esterified) to form a fatty acid methyl ester (referred to as FAME). The esterified product (FAME) is biodiesel fuel that can be used in compression ignition engines. Without the chemical processing referred to as esterification, the oils or fats are not suitable for use as fuel in compression ignition engines. The oil or fat must be esterified and the water and contaminants removed.Fuel made of 100 percent FAME is referred to as B100 biodiesel or neat biodiesel.Biodiesel can be blended with distillate diesel fuel. The blends can be used as fuel. The most commonly available biodiesel blends are B5, which is 5 percent biodiesel and 95 percent distillate diesel fuel. Also, B20, which is 20 percent biodiesel and 80 percent distillate diesel fuel. The percentages are volume-based.U.S. distillate diesel fuel specification "ASTM D975" includes up to B5 (5 percent) biodiesel. Any diesel fuel in the U.S. may contain up to B5 biodiesel fuel without labeling that indicates biodiesel content in the finished fuel.European distillate diesel fuel specification "EN 590" includes up to B5 (5 percent) biodiesel and in some regions up to B7 or B8 (7 or 8 percent by volume) biodiesel. Any diesel fuel in EU may contain up to these blend levels of biodiesel fuel without labeling that indicates biodiesel content in the finished fuel.Certain regions or countries around the world may mandate blend levels of B20 or higher. Refer to the local regulations and mandates and to local biodiesel specifications for fuel quality.Biodiesel fuel that is per Caterpillar and Industry recommended specifications (Refer to Table 2 in this Chapter) offers the following advantages:
Renewable fuel, nontoxic, and biodegradable
Reduces tailpipe particulate matter (PM), hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from most modern diesel engines
High lubricity, hence reduces friction
High cetane numberBiodiesel at B5 blend level has the same attributes as diesel fuel. At blend levels over B5, biodiesel has the following attributes that are different than diesel fuel and require management:
Energy density is lower than diesel fuel. At B100, biodiesel has about 8% lower energy density than diesel fuel. At B20 or lower blend levels, the energy density difference from diesel fuel is not significant.
Oxidation stability and storage stability are lower than diesel fuel.
Cold temperature operability is different than diesel fuel. Cloud point pour point and CFPP are typically higher than diesel fuel.
Materials compatibility is more restricted than diesel fuel.
A higher tendency to dissolve and absorb water than diesel fuel.
Metal content is higher than diesel fuel. Biodiesel can contain certain materials naturally or due to processing (phosphorus, sodium, calcium, potassium, and magnesium). The maximum levels of these materials are controlled by the appropriate specifications.
Contaminants content due to incomplete esterification or purifying process can be present. These contaminants may include glycerides, mono and diesters, sterol glucosides, and others.
Higher propensity for microbial growth due to the biodegradable nature of biodiesel and to the tendency of higher water absorption.Meeting specifications as detailed in this Chapter is paramount for biodiesel fuel used in engines, to avoid performance issues and engine downtime.Refer to guidelines given in this Chapter and to Tables 15 and 17 for the biodiesel fuel requirements, specifications and risks associated with biodiesel.Note: The user of the engine has the responsibility of using the correct fuel that is recommended by the manufacturer. The fuel must be allowed by the U.S. EPA and other appropriate regulatory agencies.
In North America, the use of biodiesel from "BQ-9000" accredited producers and "BQ-9000" certified marketers is required. Refer to the “Recommendations” section for details.
Failures that result from the use of any fuel are not Caterpillar factory defects. Therefore, the cost of repair would NOT be covered by the Caterpillar warranty for materials and/or the warranty for workmanship.
Recommendations for the Use of Biodiesel in Caterpillar Nonroad Engines
Caterpillar Biodiesel recommendations per engine model are given in Table 1.To be acceptable for blending, the biodiesel constituent must meet the requirements that are listed in Table 4, “Caterpillar Specification for Biodiesel Fuel”, the latest edition of "ASTM D6751", and/or the latest edition of "EN14214".Biodiesel blends of up to B5 must meet the requirements for the distillate diesel fuel that are listed in Table 12, “Caterpillar Specification for Distillate Diesel Fuel for Nonroad Diesel Engines”, the latest edition of "ASTM D975", and/or the latest edition of "EN 590".Certain regions or countries may have their own Diesel fuel and B100 specifications. Fuels used in these regions must follow the required specifications.Biodiesel blends of B6 to B20 must meet the requirements listed in the latest edition of "ASTM D7467" "EN 16709" (B6 to B20) and must be of an API gravity of 30-45.Where mandated, biodiesel blends of B30 must meet the regional requirements and/or EN 16709 specification for B30 blends.The distillate diesel fuel acceptable for blending with biodiesel should be the “Caterpillar Specification for Distillate Diesel Fuel for Nonroad Diesel Engines” table in the "Distillate Diesel Fuel" section of thisSpecial Publication, the latest edition of "ASTM D975", and/or the latest edition of "EN 590". No. 1-D and No. 2-D are examples of fuels that are acceptable for creating biodiesel fuel. Refer to “Fuel Specifications” Chapter in this Special Publication for details.For Tier 4 applications in the U.S., the diesel fuel portion of the final blend must meet the requirements of S15 fuels (15 ppm sulfur) designations in the latest edition of "ASTM D975" specification. For Stage IIIB and later applications in EU, the diesel fuel portion of the final blend must meet the requirements for sulfur free (10 ppm sulfur) designation in the latest edition of "EN 590". The final blend must have maximum of 15 ppm sulfur.In North America, obtain biodiesel from BQ-9000 accredited producers and BQ-9000 certified marketers. Look for the BQ-9000 biodiesel quality accreditation program certification logo that is available to distributors that meet the requirements of