954453 Volvo.Penta Electric cable

Air Inlet And Exhaust System
The air inlet and exhaust system components are: air cleaner, turbocharger, inlet manifold (passages inside the cylinder block), cylinder head, valves and valve system components and exhaust manifold.
AIR INLET AND EXHAUST SYSTEM
1. Exhaust manifold. 2. Aftercooler. 3. Engine cylinders. 4. Air inlet. 5. Turbocharger compressor wheel. 6. Turbocharger turbine wheel. 7. Exhaust outlet.
AIR INLET AND EXHAUST SYSTEM
1. Exhaust manifold. 2. Aftercooler (inlet pipe). 4. Air inlet. 7. Exhaust outlet. 8. Turbocharger. 9. Cross pipes.Clean inlet air from the air cleaner is pulled through air inlet (4) of the turbocharger by the turning of compressor wheel (5). The compressor wheel causes a compression of the air. The air then goes to inlet manifold (2) of the engine. When the intake valves open, the air goes into engine cylinders (3) and is mixed with the fuel for combustion. When the exhaust valves open, the exhaust gases go out of the engine cylinders and into exhaust manifold (1). From the exhaust manifold, the exhaust gases go through the blades of turbine wheel (6). This causes the turbine wheel and compressor wheel to turn. The exhaust gases then go out exhaust outlet (7) of the turbocharger.
AIR FLOW SCHEMATIC
1. Exhaust manifold. 2. Aftercooler. 4. Air inlet. 7. Exhaust outlet. 8. Turbocharger.Aftercooler
The aftercooler cools the air coming out of the turbocharger before it goes into the inlet manifold. The purpose of this is to make the air going into the combustion chambers more dense. The more dense the air is, the more fuel the engine can burn efficiently. This gives the engine more power.Turbocharger
The turbocharger is installed at the right, rear of the engine on cross pipes for the two exhaust manifolds. All the exhaust gases from the engine go through the turbocharger.The exhaust gases go through the blades of turbine wheel (6). This causes the turbine wheel and compressor wheel (5) to turn, which causes a compression of the inlet air.When the load on the engine is increased, more fuel is put into the engine. This makes more exhaust gases and will cause the turbine and compressor wheels of the turbocharger to turn faster. As the turbocharger turns faster, it gives more inlet air and makes it possible for the engine to burn more fuel and will give the engine more power.
TURBOCHARGER
1. Turbocharger. 2. Cross pipes. 3. Exhaust manifold.
TURBOCHARGER
4. Air inlet. 5. Compressor wheel. 6. Turbine wheel. 7. Exhaust outlet. 8. Compressor housing. 9. Oil inlet port. 10. Thrust collar. 11. Thrust bearing. 12. Turbine housing. 13. Spacer. 14. Air outlet. 15. Oil outlet port. 16. Bearing. 17. Coolant passages. 18. Bearing. 19. Exhaust inlet.Maximum rpm of the turbocharger is controlled by the rack setting, the high idle speed setting and the height above sea level at which the engine is operated.
If the high idle rpm or the rack setting is higher than given in the FUEL SETTING AND RELATED INFORMATION FICHE (for the height above sea level at which the engine is operated), there can be damage to engine or turbocharger parts.
Bearings (16 and 18) for the turbocharger use engine oil under pressure for lubrication. The oil comes in through the oil inlet port (9) and goes through passages in the center section for lubrication of the bearings. Oil from the turbocharger goes out through the oil outlet port (15) in the bottom of the center section and goes back to the engine lubrication system.This type turbocharger has coolant passages (17) around the bearings to cool the oil in these areas. Engine coolant is taken from the top, rear of the engine and sent into the rear of the turbocharger (center section). The coolant flows through the passages around the bearings, and out the front of the turbocharger (center section) back to the radiator top tank.The fuel rack adjustment is done at the factory for a specific engine application. The governor housing and turbocharger are sealed to prevent changes in the adjustment of the rack and the high idle speed setting.Valve System Components
The valve system components control the flow of inlet air and exhaust gases into and out of the cylinders during engine operation.
VALVE SYSTEM COMPONENTS
1. Intake bridge. 2. Intake rocker arm. 3. Push rod. 4. Rotocoil. 5. Valve spring. 6. Valve guide. 7. Intake valves. 8. Lifter. 9. Camshaft.The crankshaft gear drives the camshaft gear. The camshaft gear must be timed to the crankshaft gear to get the correct relation between piston and valve movement.The camshaft has two cams for each cylinder. One cam controls the exhaust valves, the other controls the intake valves.As the camshaft turns, the lobes of camshaft (9) cause lifters (8) to go up and down. This movement makes push rods (3) move rocker arms (2). Movement of the rocker arms makes bridges (1) move up and down on dowels mounted in the cylinder head. The bridges let one rocker arm open and close two valves (intake or exhaust). There are two intake and two exhaust valves for each cylinder.Rotocoils (4) cause the valves to turn while the engine is running. The rotation of the valves keeps the deposit of carbon on the valves to a minimum and gives the valves longer service life.Valve springs (5) cause the valves to close when the lifters move down.
VALVE SYSTEM COMPONENTS
1. Intake bridge. 2. Intake rocker arm. 7. Intake valves. 10. Exhaust rocker arm. 11. Exhaust bridge. 12. Exhaust valves.