864410 Volvo.Penta Injection pump

Functions of Cooling System
The cooling systems of modern gas engines are precisely balanced. The performance of the cooling system affects many of the engine components. Optimum performance can only be obtained by proper installation and maintenance of the cooling system.The engine cooling system is designed to meet specific guidelines. The proper coolant/antifreeze will provide the following functions:
Adequate heat transfer
Compatibility with the cooling system components such as hoses, seals, and piping
Protection from water pump cavitation
Protection from other cavitation erosion
Protection from freezing and from boiling
Protection from the buildup of corrosion, of sludge, and of scaleIf a cooling system fails to perform any of the above functions, the following conditions can occur:
Overheating
Overcooling
Leaks from hoses, from seals, and from piping
Cavitation erosion
Damage from freezing or from boiling
Plugging of passages for the coolant/antifreeze in components such as radiators, aftercoolers, oil coolers, and other heat exchangersMany engine failures are related to the above conditions: cracking of the cylinder head and/or of the engine block, piston seizure, leakage of the water pump, failure of the water pump and pitting of the cylinder liners and cylinder block.These problems can be avoided through proper maintenance of the cooling system. Periodically evaluate the maintenance practices in order to make sure that the cooling system is properly maintained.Properties of Coolant/Antifreeze
Coolant/antifreeze is normally composed of three elements: water, glycol and additives. Each element must meet specific guidelines.Water
Water is used in the cooling system in order to transfer heat.
Never use water alone without Supplemental Coolant Additives (SCA) or without inhibited coolant. Water alone is corrosive at engine operating temperatures. Water alone does not provide adequate protection against boiling or freezing.
Deionized water or distilled water is recommended for use in engine cooling systems.If distilled water or deionized water is not available, use water with the properties that are listed in Table 1.
Table 1
Caterpillar Minimum Acceptable Water Requirements
Property Maximum Limit ASTM Test
Chloride (Cl) 40 mg/L (2.4 grains per US gal) "D512", "D4327"
Sulfate (SO4) 100 mg/L (5.9 grains per US gal) "D516"
Total Hardness 170 mg/L (10 grains per US gal) "D1126"
Total Solids 340 mg/L (20 grains per US gal) "D1888"
Acidity pH of 5.5 to 9.0 "D1293"
Use of water that does not meet the recommendations for the cooling system will damage the cooling system.Do not use these types of water in the cooling system: sea water, softened water that has been conditioned with salt, hard water and tap water.Only use water that meets the recommendations for the cooling system.
If you are not sure about the properties of your water, consult one of the following sources for a water analysis:
Caterpillar dealer
Local water utility company
Agricultural agent
Independent laboratoryGlycol
Glycol in the coolant helps to provide protection against boiling and freezing.Note: Glycol used in finished coolants or in concentrates is inhibited using appropriate additives.Most conventional heavy-duty coolant/antifreezes use ethylene glycol. In many applications, propylene glycol may also be used. In a 50/50 mixture with water, ethylene and propylene glycol provide similar protection against freezing and boiling.Use a mixture that will provide protection against the lowest ambient temperature. For a comparison of the protection against freezing, refer to Table 2.
Table 2
Antifreeze Protection
% Mixture
Glycol and Water Lowest Protective Temperature
Ethylene Glycol Propylene Glycol
50 / 50 −37 °C (−34 °F) −32 °C (−26 °F)
60 / 40 −51 °C (−60 °F) Note: 100 percent pure glycol will freeze at a temperature of −23 °C (−9 °F).The minimum recommended mixture is 50 percent glycol and 50 percent water. For optimum performance, Caterpillar recommends a 50/50 mixture of a water/glycol solution.Protection against freezing is reduced if the mixture is greater than 60 percent of ethylene glycol.Protection against freezing is reduced if the mixture has more than 50 percent of propylene glycol.
Do not use propylene glycol in concentrations that exceed 50 percent glycol because of the reduced heat transfer capability of propylene glycol. Use ethylene glycol in conditions that require additional protection against boiling or freezing.
In order to check the concentration of glycol, use the 245-5829 Coolant/Battery Tester Gp (REFRACTOMETER) or use the 360-0774 Refractometer. The testers give readings that are immediate and accurate. The testers can be used with ethylene or propylene glycol.Additives
Note: Glycol used in finished coolants or in concentrates is inhibited using appropriate additives.Additives help protect the metal surfaces of the cooling system. A lack of coolant additives or insufficient amounts of additives enable the following conditions to occur:
Corrosion
Formation of mineral deposits
Rust
Scale
Pitting and erosion from cavitation of the cylinder liner
Foaming of the coolantMany additives are depleted during engine operation. These additives must be replaced periodically. This can be done by adding Cat Supplemental Coolant Additive (SCA).Additives must be added at the proper concentration. Overconcentration of additives can cause the inhibitors to drop out of solution. The deposits can enable the following problems to occur: