20412369 Volvo.Penta Instrument

Graph for determination of necessary TBN. Find the fuel sulfur percentage on bottom of the graph. Find point where the new oil TBN line intersects the sulfur content line, and read the required TBN at the left side of the chart. Rule of Thumb: New oil TBN should be 10 times fuel sulfur content. Change oil when TBN drops to 1/2 its original value when using API CF-4 oil and you are using a DI engine.Additives
There are chemical substances added to a petroleum product to impart or improve certain properties.Additives strengthen or modify certain characteristics of the base oil. Ultimately, they enable the oil to meet requirements quite beyond the abilities of the base oil.The most common additives are: detergents, oxidation inhibitors, dispersants, alkalinity agents, anti-wear agents, pour-point depressants and viscosity improvers.Here is a brief description of what each additive does and how.Detergents help keep the engine clean by chemically reacting with oxidation products to stop the formation and deposit of insoluble compounds.Oxidation inhibitors help prevent increases in viscosity, the development of organic acids and the formation of carbonaceous matter.Dispersants help prevent sludge formation by dispersing contaminants and keeping them in suspension.Alkalinity agents help neutralize acids.Anti-wear agents reduce friction by forming a film on metal surfaces.A pour-point depressant keeps the oil fluid at low temperatures by preventing the growth and agglomeration (the gathering together into a mass) of wax crystals.Viscosity improvers help prevent the oil from becoming too thin at high temperatures.Anti-Wear Additive
This is an additive in a lubricant that reduces friction and excessive wear.API (American Petroleum Institute)
This is a trade association of petroleum producers, refiners, marketers, and transporters, organized for the advancement of the petroleum industry by conducting research, gathering and disseminating information, and maintaining cooperation between government and the industry on all matters of mutual interest. One API technical activity has been the establishment of API Engine Service Categories for lubricating oils.API Engine Service Categories
Gasoline and diesel engine oil performance levels are established jointly by API, SAE, and ASTM called API Engine Service Classifications. API Service Categories are as follows:Diesel Engine Oils Gasoline Engine Oils Anti-Wear Additive
This is an additive in a lubricant that reduces friction and excessive wear.Ash Content
This is the noncombustible residue of a lubricating oil or fuel. Lubricating oil detergent additives contain metallic derivatives, such as barium, calcium, and magnesium sulfonates, that are common sources of ash. Ash deposits can impair engine efficiency and power. See detergent.ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)
This organization is devoted to "the promotion of knowledge of the materials of engineering and the standardization of specifications and methods of testing." A preponderance of the data used to describe, identify, or specify petroleum products is determined in accordance with ASTM test methods.Base Stock
Base stock is a primary refined petroleum fraction, usually a lube oil, into which additives and other oils are blended to produce finished products.Bid Oil
This is oil produced by an oil company which just meets the minimum of the diesel engine oil performance specifications. These oils are usually the least expensive because they have only the minimum amount of additives to just get by. These oils might be acceptable for lightly loaded applications but could cause problems in more severe machine application.Blow-By
This comes from an internal combustion engine where seepage of fuel and gases past the piston rings and cylinder wall into the crankcase, results in crankcase oil dilution and sludge formation.BMEP
Brake mean effective pressure is the theoretical average pressure that would have to be imposed on the pistons of a frictionless engine (of the same dimensions and speed) to produce the same power output as the engine under consideration; a measure of how effectively an engine utilizes its piston displacement to do work.Borderline Pumping Temperature °C (ASTDM D3829)
This is the temperature at which the oil becomes too viscous (thick) and cannot be moved when force is applied. The oil, however, is not yet a solid (pour point).Bulk Delivery
This is a large quantity of unpackaged petroleum product delivered directly from a tank truck, tank car, or barge into a consumer's storage tank.Colloid
A colloid is a suspension of finely divided particles 5 to 5000 angstroms in size in a gas or liquid, that do not settle and are not easily filtered. An Angstrom is a unit of wave length of light equal to one ten billionth of a meter which carries a positive or negative charge.Colloids are usually ionically stabilized by some form of surface charge on the particles to reduce the tendency to aggolomerate (gather into a ball or mass). A lubricating grease is a colloidal system, in which metallic soaps or other thickening agents are dispersed in, and give structure to, the liquid lubricant.Color Scale
These scales serve primarily as indicators of product uniformity and freedom from contamination. The scale is a standardized range of colors against which the colors of petroleum products may be compared. There are a number of widely used systems of color scales, including: ASTM scale (test method ASTM D 1500), the most common scale, used extensively for industrial and process oils.Crude Oil
Crude oil is a complex, naturally occurring fluid mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons, yellow to black in color, and also containing small amounts of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur derivatives and other impurities. Crude oil was formed by the action of bacteria, heat, and pressure on ancient plant and animal remains, and is usually found in layers of porous rock such as limestone or sandstone, capped by an impervious layer of shale or clay that traps the oil. Crude oil varies in appearance and hydrocarbon composition depending on the locality where it occurs. Crude is refined to yield petroleum products.Demerit Rating
This is an arbitrary graduated numerical rating sometimes used in evaluating engine deposit levels following testing of an engine oil's detergent-dispersant characteristics. On a scale of 0-10, the higher the number, the heavier the deposits. A more commonly used method of evaluating engine cleanliness is merit rating. See Engine Deposits.Detergent
This is an important component of engine oils that helps control varnish, ring zone