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Scheduled Oil Sampling (S O S)
Caterpillar's Scheduled Oil Sampling (S O S) is the best indicator for determining what is happening inside your engine.S O S is a diagnostic tool used to determine oil performance and component wear rates with a series of tests designed to identify and measure contamination such as soot, sulfur, etc. and degradation such as the presence of fuel, water and antifreeze in a sample of oil.The tests also determine the amount of wear metals present in the oil sample, which is compared to established Caterpillar norms to determine acceptability. To be effective as an indicator, S O S must be performed on a continuing basis. Intermittent sampling will not allow wear rate trend lines to be established.Obtain S O S samples at regularly scheduled intervals to monitor the condition and maintenance requirements of your engine. Each oil sample should be taken when the oil is warm and well mixed to ensure that the sample is representative of the oil in the engine crankcase and oil pan.Consult your Caterpillar dealer for complete information and assistance in establishing an S O S program for your engine(s).S O S Analysis
S O S is composed of three basic tests:* Wear Analysis* Chemical and Physical Tests* Oil Condition Analysis Wear Analysis is performed with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer to monitor component wear by identifying and measuring concentrations, in parts per million, of wear elements present in the oil. Based on known normal concentration data, maximum limits of wear elements are established. Impending failures can be identified when test results deviate from concentration levels established as acceptable, based on normal wear. Chemical and Physical Tests detect the presence of water, fuel and glycol (antifreeze) in the oil and determine whether or not their concentrations exceed established maximum limits. Oil Condition Analysis is evaluated with infrared analysis (IR). This test determines the presence and measures the amount of contaminants such as soot, sulfur products, oxidation, and nitration products in the oil. Infrared analysis can also assist in customizing (reducing, maintaining or extending) oil change intervals for particular conditions and applications.Infrared analysis should always be accompanied by wear element analysis and chemical and physical tests to assure accurate diagnosis. Infrared analysis must be used to determine oil change intervals. S O S must include Infrared (IR) in the analysis.The test results of the oil samples will then be used as a basis for determining the oil change interval for your engine, giving you the ultimate time between oil changes without the risk of engine damage.Refer to Caterpillar pamphlet Scheduled Oil Sampling, form PEDP7105 for information and benefits of S O S.Obtain Sample
Each oil sample should be taken when the oil is warm and well mixed to ensure that the sample is representative of the oil in the crankcase.There are two methods recommended to obtain S O S samples from the engine. * Use the sampling valve, if installed on the engine, for samples.* Use a sampling gun inserted into the sump. Refer to How to Take a Good Oil Sample, form PEHP6001 for a step-by-step explanation if using this method of sampling crankcase oil.Caterpillar recommends using one of above methods. If these methods are not feasible, then use a drain stream method when changing oil. When using the drain stream to obtain the oil sample, do not sample from the first or final draining. The oil at the beginning or end of the drain stream is not mixed well enough to be representative of the oil in the crankcase. Consult your Caterpillar dealer for complete information and assistance in establishing an S O S program for your truck engine.Crankshaft Bearings
The level of maintenance an engine receives is crucial to the life of crankshaft bearings. Other major factors affecting crankshaft bearing life are operating speed and bearing loads.With the introduction of the wide journal crankshaft and rod bearing in the 3406 engines, mid-life bearing roll-ins are no longer recommended in normal applications where the engine receives proper maintenance.However, since the levels of maintenance and operating conditions experienced by the wide spectrum of truck engine owners is so varied, engine bearing life can be adversely affected when the following conditions exist.* Extended operation at high load factors. (5.5 mpg [2.3 km/L] or below)* Extended operation at engine speeds of 2100 rpm and above. Example situations:a. Extensive use of Jake Brake.b. Not using progressive shifting technique.* Marginal lube operation and excessive metal in oil filter. (Refer to Engine Oil Filter maintenance in this publication.) Example situations:a. Repeated cold starts below 30°F (-1°C) without block heater or incorrect viscosity oil.b. Customary quick starts after oil change without allowing oil filter(s) to fill and no prelubrication.c. Habitual instant starts to high idle rpm (to rapidly fill air tanks, etc.* Excessive lube oil sooting and fuel or coolant contamination (detected with S O S). Example situations:a. Excessive black smoke (Fuel Ratio Control misadjustment and/or extended fuel nozzle malfunction).b. Low capacity oil filters (use of brands other than Caterpillar).c. Extended oil change intervals (See NOTE).d. Use of inferior oil (API CD or CE) (See NOTE). Not all oils with identical API specifications have equal performance. Use of oils that do not have the API CF-4 designation will require reduced oil change intervals than that listed in the Maintenance Schedule.* Use or reuse of a crankshaft with marginal profile (hand lapped journals) or surface finish that could cause poor bearing contact patterns.There are several other indicators along with the Severe Service Applications listed that can reduce useful bearing life.Some of these suggest the need for an immediate inspection/replacement of the engine bearings.1. Visible non-ferrous material (usually aluminum) in the oil filter.2. Excessive lubrication system temperatures of 220°F (104°C) or above. Example situations:a. Excessive operation of a BrakeSaver.b. Cooling system overheating (loss of coolant and/or improper use of winter fronts, etc.).3. Excessive lead (Pb) and aluminum (Al) in the lube oil (detected with S O S).Turbocharger
Turbocharger components require precision clearances and balancing due to operation at high rotational speeds. Severe