950373 Volvo.Penta Lock nut

Illustration 1 g03518599
Typical example
(1) Air cleaner
(2) Air inlet temperature sensor
(3) Turbocharger
(4) Engine
(5) Coolant temperature sensor
(6) Air-to-air aftercooler
(7) Crankshaft speed/timing sensor
(8) Electronic unit injectors
(9) Solenoid for the fuel injection pump
(10) Secondary speed/timing sensor
(11) Fuel injection pump
(12) Fuel transfer pump
(13) Priming pump
(14) Primary fuel filter
(15) Fuel pressure sensor
(16) Oil pressure sensor
(17) ECM
(18) Inlet manifold pressure sensor
(19) Inlet manifold air temperature sensor
(20) Secondary fuel filter
(21) Fuel tank The electronic control system has the following components:
ECM
Pressure sensor
Temperature sensors
Crankshaft speed/timing sensor
Camshaft speed/timing sensor
The solenoid for the fuel injection pump
Electronic unit injectorsSensor Locations for the Engine
The illustrations in this section show the typical locations of the sensors for the industrial engine. Specific engines may appear different from the illustration due to differences in applications.
Illustration 2 g03519477
Typical example of sensor locations on the left side of the engine
(1) Coolant temperature sensor
(2) Inlet manifold pressure sensor
(3) Solenoid for the fuel injection pump
(4) Inlet manifold temperature sensor
(5) Fuel pressure sensor
(6) Electronic Control Module (ECM)
(7) Primary speed/timing sensor
(8) Oil pressure sensor
(9) Secondary speed/timing sensor
Illustration 3 g03519480
Typical example of close up views of sensor locations on the left side of the engine
(1) Coolant temperature sensor
(2) Inlet manifold pressure sensor
(3) Solenoid for the fuel injection pump
(4) Inlet manifold temperature sensor
(5) Fuel pressure sensor
(6) Electronic Control Module (ECM)
(7) Primary speed/timing sensor
(8) Oil pressure sensor
(9) Secondary speed/timing sensor ECM
Illustration 4 g03347127
Typical example
The Electronic Control Module (ECM) (1) functions as a governor and a computer for the fuel system. The ECM receives signals from the sensors in order to control the timing and the engine speed.The electronic system consists of the ECM, the engine sensors, and inputs from the parent machine. The ECM is the computer. The personality module is the software for the computer. The personality module contains the operating maps. The operating maps define the following characteristics of the engine:
Engine rating
Torque curves
High and low idle speed (rpm)
Emissions
Injection timingThe factory passwords restrict changes to authorized personnel. Factory passwords are required to clear any event code. Refer to Troubleshooting, "Factory Passwords" for more information on the passwords.The ECM has an excellent record of reliability. Any problems in the system are most likely to be the connectors and the wiring harness. The ECM should be the last item in troubleshooting the engine.The programmable software contains all the fuel setting information. The information determines the engine performance.Flash programming is the method of programming or updating the programmable software. Refer to Troubleshooting, "Flash Programming" for the instructions on the flash programming of the programmable software.The ECM is sealed and the ECM needs no routine adjustment or maintenance.Engine Speed
The electronic controls determine the injection timing, the amount of fuel that is delivered to the cylinders and the intake manifold pressure. These decisions are based on the actual conditions and the desired conditions at any given time.The ECM has software that compares the desired engine speed to the actual engine speed. The actual engine speed is determined through the crankshaft speed/timing sensor and the secondary speed/timing sensor. If the desired engine speed is greater than the actual engine speed, the ECM will instruct the electronic unit injector to inject more fuel in order to increase engine speed.Timing Considerations
Once the ECM has determined the amount of fuel that is required, the software must determine the timing of the fuel injection. Fuel injection timing is determined by the ECM after considering input from the following components:
Engine coolant temperature sensor
The sensor for the intake manifold air temperature
The sensor for the intake manifold pressureAt start-up, the ECM determines the top center position of the number 1 cylinder from the secondary speed/timing sensor on the camshaft. The ECM decides when fuel injection should occur relative to the top center position. The ECM optimizes engine performance by control of each of the electronic unit injectors so that the required amount of fuel is injected at the precise point of the engine's cycle. The electronic unit injectors are supplied high-pressure fuel from the fuel manifold. The ECM also provides the signal to the solenoid in the fuel injection pump. The solenoid in the fuel injection pump controls a valve in the fuel injection pump. This valve controls the volume of fuel that enters the plungers. By controlling the volume of fuel that enters the plungers, this controls the pressure in the fuel manifold. Fuel that is not required for the engine is diverted away from the fuel injection pump back to the fuel tank.The ECM adjusts injection timing and fuel pressure for the best engine performance, the best fuel economy, and the best control of exhaust emissions. The actual timing can be viewed with an electronic service tool. Also, the desired timing can be viewed with an electronic service tool.Fuel Injection
The programmable software inside the ECM sets certain limits on the amount of fuel that can be injected.The Fuel Ratio Control (FRC) Limit is a limit that is based on intake manifold air pressure and engine rpm. The FRC Limit is used to control the air/fuel ratio in order to control the engine's exhaust emissions. When the ECM senses a higher intake manifold air pressure, the ECM increases the FRC Limit. A higher intake manifold air pressure indicates that there is more air in the cylinder. When the ECM increases the FRC Limit, the ECM allows more fuel into the cylinder.The Rated Fuel Limit is a limit that is based on the power rating of the engine and on the engine rpm. The Rated Fuel Limit enables the engine power and torque outputs to conform to the power and torque curves of a specific engine model.These limits are in the programmable software and these limits cannot be changed.The ECM controls the following characteristics:
Boost pressureDiagnostic Codes
When the ECM dete